A fence is the one home improvement that lands directly on somebody else's view, and usually within arm's reach of their property. However reasonable your plan is, a crew arriving unannounced to tear out a shared boundary reads as something being done to the neighbor rather than near them. That impression is hard to reverse and it colors every subsequent conversation about the line, the height, the style and who pays for what. Getting ahead of it costs one conversation and buys a lot of goodwill.
There is a practical reason as well. Your neighbor may know something you do not: where a pin is, that the old fence was moved once, that there is an irrigation line running along the boundary, or that the HOA turned down the exact style you were planning. They may also have been thinking about replacing it themselves, which changes the whole project. That information is much more useful before you have a signed quote than the morning the posts are going in.
Be clear with yourself about what you need from the neighbor before you knock. If the fence sits entirely on your property, you are informing them as a courtesy and telling them what to expect during the work. If it sits on the line or replaces a shared fence, you are asking them to agree to something, which is a different conversation and deserves more preparation. Mixing the two up is what makes these talks awkward, because the neighbor cannot tell whether they are being consulted or notified.
Bring specifics. Material, height, roughly where the posts will land, whether the old fence is coming out, and the fact that a crew will need some access and will make noise for a while. If you have confirmed the line with a plat or a survey, say so and offer to show them. Specifics make the project feel like a plan rather than an intention, and most people respond well to being told exactly what is about to happen next to their yard.
If the fence is shared, splitting the cost comes up naturally, and it is worth handling plainly rather than hinting around it. Some neighbors are glad to share, some cannot afford to right now, and some do not want a new fence at all and would rather not fund one. All three are legitimate answers, and it is better to hear the real one early than to assume a split and discover otherwise once the work is underway. Ask directly, and be prepared to fund it alone.
Whatever you agree to, write it down. It does not need to be a formal contract; a short email that both of you keep, stating what is being built, roughly where, who is paying what share and when, is enough to prevent the ordinary sort of misremembering. It also survives a change of ownership, which is when informal agreements tend to evaporate. If real money or a boundary adjustment is involved, that is the point where getting proper legal help is a reasonable step.
Most wood fences have a finished face and a structural face, since the rails and posts have to be on one side. The long-standing convention is that the smooth side faces out toward the neighbor and the street, and many cities and HOAs actually require it. Even where nothing requires it, it is the norm enough that ignoring it is read as a statement. It is a small thing that generates a surprising amount of neighborhood friction for something decided in about ten seconds.
There are ways around the whole question if it matters to you. Board-on-board and shadowbox patterns look essentially the same from both sides, which is why they get chosen on shared boundaries. Vinyl privacy panels are also finished on both faces. If you and the neighbor are splitting a run, deciding this together and writing it into your note is much easier than discovering the disagreement when the pickets are already going up.
If the fence is entirely on your property and complies with city and HOA rules, a neighbor's objection to its existence generally does not stop you, though it is worth listening to what they are actually objecting to. Sometimes it is the height, the style or the loss of a sightline rather than the fence itself, and a small adjustment resolves it. Sometimes it is that they believe the line is somewhere else, which is a factual question a survey answers rather than a matter of opinion.
Where you genuinely need agreement is when the fence sits on the line or the old shared fence is coming out. If that stalls, the workable path is usually to build fully inside your own boundary, at your own cost, and leave their fence alone. It costs you a narrow strip of yard and removes the need for permission entirely. Keep the tone civil throughout, because the fence lasts a long time and so does the neighbor.
Legally it depends on where the fence sits and what your city requires, and a fence entirely on your own property usually does not require anyone's permission. Practically, telling them is close to free and prevents the worst version of this project. It also surfaces useful information, like a disputed line or an HOA rule you had not found, at a point where acting on it is still cheap.
Convention, and often local code or HOA rules, puts the finished side facing outward toward the neighbor and the street, with rails and posts on your side. Check your city and HOA before deciding, since some require it outright. If the split bothers you, board-on-board and shadowbox designs look the same from both sides, and vinyl privacy panels are finished on both faces as well.
That is a common answer and worth planning for before you ask. If they decline, your options are to fund it yourself and build on the line by agreement, or to build entirely inside your own property and own it outright, which removes the need for their participation. Keep any agreement you do reach in writing, and get legal advice if a boundary adjustment or serious money is involved.
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